Hi Nate,
The issue you're encountering is related to the recent Xbox – USBDevice – 1.14.20.740 driver update. This update has been found to cause system crashes when pairing controllers via Bluetooth. However, wired connections remain stable, which is why your controller works fine when connected with a cable. If possible, use your controller with a wired connection. Alternatively, use the official Xbox Wireless Adapter instead of Bluetooth for wireless connectivity.
Best,
Jeric.