Hi David.
Thanks for posting here in the community. I see that you have questions about getting your monitor to work with your Surface. Your Surface Laptop Go (the first one) works just fine with the Surface Dock 2, so the dock isn't the problem. The Dock 2 uses that Surface Connect port and can send video through its USB-C ports for any Surface from 2017 or newer, including your Laptop Go.
Based on your tests and steps you’ve taken, here are what I have found. The Surface Laptop Go's USB-C port can handle a 4K monitor at 60Hz.
So, the hardware is fine. Next, the old Enterprise image isn't the problem since you reinstalled Windows and it doesn't block external monitor functions.
Technically, the issue is either, a Laptop Go firmware/driver problem. So, the best next step you can do is to run first the Surface Diagnostic Toolkit app to see if there are any problems. If it shows a direct fail USB-C connection, the laptop’s usb C video output could be broken and might need servicing. Try to run Windows Update next as well, to install the newest surface laptop go drivers and firmware.
Coming from my own experience as well, I had to use a modified Windows ISO installer to be able to set up either a local or personal account.
Let me know what happens by just replying to this thread.
All the best,
Rez